Structured Transaction Infrastructure
How specialized transaction structures are organized.
Institutional transactions are assembled from a defined set of legal entities, documents, regulated agents and settlement systems. This section explains that architecture in plain language, then in technical detail, so sponsors and their advisers can evaluate what a transaction would require before committing to a path.
Orientation
Educational reference, not an offering.
A structured transaction is rarely a single instrument. It is an entity, a set of contracts, a group of independent professionals with defined duties, and a settlement path that determines how an instrument is identified, held and paid. Understanding each component early reduces execution risk and shortens the time between mandate and closing.
Every function described below is performed by an independent, appropriately qualified and, where required, licensed counterparty under its own engagement, subject to its own acceptance, diligence and onboarding procedures. MTG does not perform, control, guarantee or substitute for any of these functions.
The availability and structure of any transaction depend on applicable law, investor eligibility, jurisdiction, asset characteristics, service-provider acceptance and transaction-specific diligence. Legal, regulatory, securities-placement, fiduciary, settlement and other professional functions are performed by appropriately qualified and, where required, licensed independent counterparties.
Reference
Concepts, in plain language and in detail.
Each entry opens with a one-sentence definition. Expand it for the technical detail that governs how the component is documented, who performs it and what determines whether it is available.
Instruments
The form an obligation takes determines who may hold it, how it is documented and how it settles.
01Private notesA debt obligation issued by a company or vehicle directly to a limited group of eligible holders, documented by contract rather than by a public offering.
Private notes are typically constituted under a note purchase agreement or a subscription agreement together with the note instrument itself. Terms — principal, interest, maturity, ranking, covenants, events of default, transfer restrictions — are negotiated between the issuer and the holders.
Because they are not publicly offered, private notes rely on applicable private-placement exemptions in each relevant jurisdiction. Whether an exemption is available, and which investors may participate, is a legal determination made by securities counsel — not by MTG.
Private notes may be held directly by the holder in registered form, or may be structured for settlement through a clearing system where the parties and the agents accept that arrangement.
Eligibility, exemption analysis and offering restrictions are determined by securities counsel and by any licensed placement intermediary.
02Structured notesA note whose economics are defined by reference to an underlying asset, portfolio, index, cash-flow stream or contractual formula rather than by a simple fixed coupon.
The economic terms are set out in a term sheet and in the conditions of the note: reference asset, calculation methodology, observation dates, payment formula, redemption mechanics and any protection or subordination features.
Structured notes normally require a calculation agent to apply the formula, and often a paying agent and registrar to administer payments and holdings.
The classification of a structured note — as a security, a derivative, a collective investment or something else — varies by jurisdiction and drives distribution restrictions, tax treatment and reporting. That classification is a legal and tax question for counsel.
Structured notes are not described here as suitable for any investor. Suitability determinations are made by licensed intermediaries.
03Asset-backed structuresA structure in which defined assets or receivables are transferred to a dedicated vehicle, and obligations are issued against the cash flows those assets generate.
The essential mechanics are: identification of an eligible asset pool, a true-sale or participation transfer to the vehicle, a security package over the assets, and a payment waterfall that allocates collections among expenses, agents, senior obligations and residual holders.
Independent parties typically involved include securities counsel, an asset or servicing party, an administrator, a security trustee and, where relevant, a rating adviser and an audit or agreed-upon-procedures provider.
Diligence focuses on the quality, transferability and enforceability of the underlying assets, historical performance data, and the insolvency-remoteness of the vehicle.
04Real-estate-secured structuresAn obligation secured directly or indirectly by real property, by the equity of a property-owning entity, or by rental and disposition proceeds.
Security may be taken as a mortgage or deed of trust over the property, a pledge of the shares or membership interests of the property owner, an assignment of leases and rents, and account control over collection accounts.
Perfection, priority, enforcement timelines and lender-liability considerations are jurisdiction-specific and are advised on by local real-estate and finance counsel.
Valuation, title, survey, environmental, insurance and zoning diligence is performed by independent third-party providers appointed for the transaction.
Vehicles and jurisdictions
The vehicle determines liability segregation, governance, tax profile and which service providers can act.
01Special-purpose vehicles (SPV)An entity formed for a single, defined transaction purpose, with restricted objects and limited ability to incur unrelated liabilities.
Typical features include restricted corporate objects, limited-recourse and non-petition provisions in its contracts, independent or professional directors, and administration by a licensed corporate services provider.
The purpose is to isolate the transaction from the sponsor's other activities and to give holders a defined claim against a defined asset base.
Formation, directorship, registered office and ongoing administration are provided by independent licensed providers in the relevant jurisdiction.
02Segregated portfolio companies (SPC)A single legal entity that may create statutorily segregated portfolios, each with assets and liabilities ring-fenced from the others.
Each segregated portfolio maintains its own assets, liabilities and records. Creditors of one portfolio should not, as a matter of the governing statute, have recourse to the assets of another.
SPCs are used where a sponsor expects a programme of separate transactions and wants a repeatable structure with shared governance and administration.
Statutory segregation is only as effective as its operational discipline: separate bank accounts, correct contracting in the name of the portfolio, and accurate books maintained by the administrator. Recognition of segregation in a foreign court is a legal question for counsel.
03Cayman Islands structuresCayman IslandsA common jurisdiction for exempted companies, SPCs and issuance vehicles serving non-US investor bases.
Commonly used forms include the exempted company, the segregated portfolio company and the exempted limited partnership, administered by locally licensed corporate services providers.
Regulatory obligations may include registration or licensing with the local regulator depending on activity, economic-substance considerations, beneficial-ownership reporting and AML obligations discharged by the licensed administrator.
Use of a Cayman vehicle does not by itself determine tax treatment for any investor. Tax analysis is jurisdiction- and investor-specific and is performed by tax counsel.
04Swiss structuresSwitzerland / LiechtensteinSwiss issuance and paying-agency arrangements are used where a transaction requires a Swiss-domiciled issuer, a Swiss agent bank or Swiss-market distribution.
Elements may include a Swiss issuance vehicle, a Swiss paying agent, and documentation prepared to satisfy Swiss financial-services and prospectus requirements where an offer is made in or from Switzerland.
Swiss withholding-tax and stamp-duty analysis is a central design input and must be resolved by Swiss tax counsel before terms are fixed.
Bank and agent acceptance is discretionary and subject to each institution's own onboarding, diligence and risk policies.
05Luxembourg structuresLuxembourgLuxembourg is used for securitisation and issuance vehicles, including compartmentalised structures serving European investor bases.
Vehicles commonly take the form of a securitisation company or fund, which may create separate compartments with segregated assets and liabilities per compartment.
Depending on how and to whom instruments are issued, the vehicle may be unregulated or subject to supervision by the Luxembourg regulator. That determination is made by Luxembourg counsel.
Ongoing requirements typically include a domiciliation agent, a local administrator, statutory audit and regulatory reporting.
06Delaware entitiesDelaware, United StatesDelaware LLCs, limited partnerships and statutory trusts are widely used for US issuers, borrowers, joint ventures and holding structures.
Delaware is chosen for its developed body of corporate law, contractual flexibility, series and statutory-trust options, and familiarity to US lenders and investors.
Bankruptcy-remoteness features — independent managers, separateness covenants, non-consolidation opinions — are commonly requested by institutional lenders.
US federal and state securities law applies to any offer or sale of interests in a Delaware entity, regardless of where the vehicle sits in the structure.
Jurisdiction labels identify potential vehicles, providers, legal frameworks or settlement infrastructure. They do not represent MTG offices, and they do not guarantee vehicle availability, regulatory eligibility, custody acceptance, distribution approval or settlement.
Identifiers and form
How an instrument is identified and physically constituted determines how it can be held and settled.
01ISINThe International Securities Identification Number: a twelve-character code that uniquely identifies a securities issue internationally.
An ISIN is allocated by the National Numbering Agency of the relevant jurisdiction, or by a substitute numbering agency, on application by an eligible party — typically the issuer, its counsel, its agent bank or its paying agent.
Allocation requires final or near-final terms: issuer identity, instrument type, currency, denomination, maturity and form.
An ISIN is an identifier only. It is not a licence, a listing, an approval, an endorsement of quality, or a guarantee that any clearing system will accept the instrument.
MTG does not issue, allocate, obtain or procure ISIN identifiers. Applications are made by the eligible party to the competent numbering agency.
02CUSIPA nine-character identifier used principally for securities issued in the United States and Canada.
CUSIPs are assigned by the designated numbering service on application, and are the basis of the CINS and, in many cases, the corresponding ISIN for North American instruments.
Assignment is administrative and evidences neither registration nor exemption under securities laws.
As with an ISIN, eligibility for depository settlement is a separate determination made by the depository itself.
MTG does not provide CUSIP identifiers directly.
03Common CodeA nine-digit identifier assigned jointly by the international clearing systems to instruments admitted to their books.
The Common Code is allocated on application by the eligible party, normally alongside the ISIN, and is used operationally by the international clearing systems.
Allocation is administrative and confirms neither acceptance of the instrument nor any securities-law status.
MTG does not allocate or procure Common Codes. Applications are made by the eligible party to the competent system.
04Swiss Valor numberThe Swiss national security identifier used for instruments held or settled through the Swiss market infrastructure.
A Valor number is allocated by the Swiss numbering agency on application by an eligible party, typically the issuer, its counsel or its agent bank.
As with any identifier, allocation is separate from eligibility, which is determined independently by the relevant settlement system or custodian.
MTG does not allocate or procure Swiss Valor numbers.
05Global NoteA single instrument representing an entire issue, held by or on behalf of a clearing system, against which individual holdings are recorded in book-entry form.
A global note may be temporary or permanent, and may be held under the classic safekeeping structure or the new safekeeping structure, deposited with a common depositary or common safekeeper.
Individual investors normally hold book-entry interests through a chain of participants rather than physical certificates. Exchange for definitive notes occurs only in narrow circumstances described in the conditions.
The global note is executed by the issuer and authenticated by the agent designated in the agency agreement.
Regulated and appointed roles
Each role is a distinct engagement with defined duties. Each provider accepts or declines an appointment at its own discretion.
01Paying AgentThe institution that receives funds from the issuer and pays interest and principal to holders or to the clearing system.
Duties are set out in an agency agreement: receipt of funds by a cut-off time, calculation-free execution of payments, notices to holders and to the clearing systems, and record-keeping.
A paying agent acts as agent of the issuer, not as trustee for holders, unless the documents say otherwise.
02Principal Paying AgentWhere several paying agents are appointed, the principal paying agent is the lead institution coordinating payment mechanics for the issue.
It typically holds the master records for the issue, instructs the other agents, interfaces with the clearing systems and administers the global note.
The appointment, replacement and resignation mechanics are governed by the agency agreement and, where relevant, by the trust deed.
03Transfer AgentThe party that processes transfers of registered holdings and updates the position of holders.
Duties include verifying transfer instructions, applying transfer restrictions set out in the conditions, and coordinating with the registrar to reflect changes of ownership.
Transfer restrictions typically implement selling restrictions determined by securities counsel.
04RegistrarThe party that maintains the definitive register of holders of registered instruments.
The register is the record of legal title for registered notes. The registrar issues and cancels certificates where applicable and provides the record used to determine entitlement on payment dates.
The registrar is appointed under the agency agreement and owes its duties as specified there.
05Security TrusteeThe party that holds and, if required, enforces security granted over the collateral, for the benefit of the secured holders.
It holds security on trust or under a parallel-debt or agency construct depending on jurisdiction, acts on instructions of the requisite majority of holders, and applies enforcement proceeds under the agreed waterfall.
A security trustee is a fiduciary role. It is performed by an independent professional trustee company, never by the sponsor and never by MTG.
06Calculation AgentThe party that determines amounts payable under formula-based instruments.
It applies the calculation methodology in the conditions to observed data on the stated dates, publishes determinations and notifies the paying agent and holders.
Determinations are typically expressed to be binding absent manifest error, which makes the independence and competence of the appointee material to holders.
07CustodianThe regulated institution that holds assets, cash or collateral for the account of the vehicle or the holders.
Duties include safekeeping, segregation of client assets, settlement of asset movements, and reporting to the parties entitled to it.
Custody is a licensed activity. Account opening is subject to the custodian's own onboarding, KYC, AML and risk acceptance, which it performs as the responsible institution.
Settlement systems and processes
Eligibility, admission and settlement are determined by the systems and their participants.
01EuroclearBelgiumAn international central securities depository used for the settlement of international issues.
Instruments are accepted only where the system's own eligibility criteria are met, an eligible agent applies on behalf of the issuer, and the documentation and identifiers are in acceptable form.
Holdings are recorded in book-entry form through participants; most investors hold indirectly through a bank or broker participant.
Eligibility and admission decisions are made solely by the system. MTG has no ability to control, obtain or guarantee them.
02ClearstreamLuxembourgAn international central securities depository operating alongside Euroclear for international issues.
Acceptance requires an application through an eligible agent, satisfaction of documentation standards and allocation of identifiers.
Bridge arrangements between the international depositories allow settlement between participants of each system.
Acceptance is at the system's discretion.
03DTCUnited StatesThe US central securities depository through which most US-market book-entry settlement occurs.
Eligibility requires a CUSIP, a participant sponsoring the security, documentation in the depository's required form, and satisfaction of its eligibility criteria including applicable transfer-restriction handling.
Restricted securities may be handled through specific programmes and legend-removal procedures determined by counsel and the transfer agent.
Eligibility is determined by the depository, not by MTG.
04Subscription, settlement and distributionThe sequence by which eligible investors are approached by licensed parties, commit, are onboarded, and by which instruments and funds are exchanged.
Distribution — any approach to, or solicitation of, potential investors — is performed only by a licensed broker-dealer or placement agent, or by the issuer where an applicable exemption permits it and counsel has confirmed the position.
Investor onboarding, identity verification, source-of-funds review and suitability assessment are performed by the responsible regulated institution: the placement agent, the custodian, the administrator or the bank, each as the responsible institution for its own obligations.
Settlement follows the mechanics in the documents: subscription monies to a designated account, confirmation by the agent, delivery of book-entry interests through the settlement system on the closing date, and delivery-versus-payment where the structure supports it.
MTG does not solicit, place or sell securities, does not determine investor eligibility or suitability, and does not act as the responsible institution for KYC or AML.
05Transaction-specific tokenization considerationsWhere a transaction contemplates a tokenized representation of an interest, the legal instrument, the register of record and the regulatory analysis must be resolved before any technology decision.
Threshold questions are: what exactly does the token represent; where does legal title reside; is the token the register of record or a mirror of an off-chain register; and which law governs transfer and enforcement.
Regulatory classification varies substantially by jurisdiction, and may bring the arrangement within securities, payments, custody or market-infrastructure regimes. Classification is a legal determination for counsel in every relevant jurisdiction.
Operational questions include the identity of the technology provider, key custody and recovery, transfer restrictions enforced at protocol level, AML screening performed by the responsible institution, and interaction with any conventional clearing system.
Tokenization is considered only where counsel, the agents and the relevant service providers each confirm they can act, and where it serves an identified transaction purpose rather than a presentational one.
Nothing here is an indication that any tokenized instrument is offered, available or permissible in any jurisdiction.
Roles
Who performs what.
Every regulated function below is performed by an independent counterparty under its own engagement, subject to its own acceptance and diligence. Independent providers are not offices, branches, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates or agents of MTG unless expressly identified as such under a documented relationship.
| Role | Responsibility | Regulatory status |
|---|---|---|
| Sponsor | Owns the underlying business, asset or project. Provides information, makes commercial decisions, engages the professional parties and bears transaction costs. | Not a regulated role in itself. |
| Issuer / SPV | The entity that incurs the obligation, executes the transaction documents, grants security and is the counterparty to holders. Governed by its own board or managers. | May require registration, licensing or notification depending on jurisdiction and activity — determined by counsel. |
| MTG | Transaction-architecture coordination, administrative workstream coordination, identification and coordination of independent providers, project-information organization, timeline and deliverable management. | Not a regulated role. MTG performs no legal, advisory, placement, fiduciary, custody, agency or settlement function. |
| Securities counsel | Structures the offering from a securities-law perspective, drafts and negotiates the documentation, determines available exemptions, sets selling and transfer restrictions and delivers legal opinions. | Licensed law firm in each relevant jurisdiction. |
| Tax counsel | Analyses the tax profile of the structure, withholding, treaty position, substance requirements and reporting, and delivers tax opinions or memoranda. | Licensed law or tax advisory firm. |
| Broker-dealer / placement agent | The only party that may approach, solicit or place with investors where a licence is required. Performs investor onboarding, eligibility and suitability assessment as the responsible institution. | Licensed or registered with the competent authority in each jurisdiction of distribution. |
| Paying agent / principal paying agent | Receives funds from the issuer and effects payment of interest and principal to holders or to the settlement system; administers the global note and issue records. | Regulated bank or agency-services institution. |
| Registrar / transfer agent | Maintains the register of holders, processes transfers, applies transfer restrictions and certifies entitlement on payment dates. | Licensed agency-services provider or bank. |
| Trustee / security trustee / collateral agent | Holds the security package for secured holders, monitors covenants and events of default, acts on holder instructions and applies enforcement proceeds under the waterfall. | Licensed professional trustee company. A fiduciary role. |
| Calculation agent | Applies the calculation methodology in the conditions and publishes binding determinations of amounts payable. | Appointed institution under the agency agreement. |
| Custodian | Holds assets, collateral or cash for the account of the vehicle or holders; segregates client assets and settles asset movements. | Licensed custodian bank or regulated custody institution. |
| Administrator / corporate services provider | Provides the registered office, directors or managers, statutory books, bookkeeping, regulatory filings and AML obligations of the vehicle as the responsible institution. | Licensed corporate services or fund administration provider. |
| Settlement system | Admits eligible instruments, records book-entry holdings through its participants and settles transfers and payments between them. | Central securities depository (Euroclear, Clearstream, DTC). Eligibility is at the system's sole discretion. |
| Independent auditor | Audits or performs agreed-upon procedures on the vehicle or compartment accounts and reports to the parties entitled to receive them. | Licensed audit firm in the jurisdiction of the vehicle. |
| Depository / DTC participant | Sponsors the security into the depository where applicable, holds the position at the depository and settles movements for underlying account holders. | Regulated participant institution admitted by the depository. |
| Investor / lender | Conducts its own diligence, is onboarded by the responsible regulated institution, subscribes or lends, and holds the instrument directly or through a participant. | Eligibility determined by applicable law and by the licensed intermediary, never by MTG. |
Diagrams
Seven structural diagrams.
Issuer and SPV structure, parties and responsibilities, documentation process, flow of funds, global note and settlement, interest and principal payment, and the security and collateral structure — each distinguishing coordination from regulated performance.
- Principal
- Coordination
- Advisory
- Appointed agent
- Market infrastructure
- Capital
Issuance
Note issuance and capital markets infrastructure.
How a private financing transaction moves from project underwriting and structuring, through issuance and international clearing, to U.S. custody and platform onboarding and institutional distribution — with each regulated function performed by an independent counterparty.
MTG Role
Coordination, and nothing that requires a licence.
What MTG does
- Transaction-architecture coordination — mapping the components a transaction would require and how they fit together.
- Administrative workstream coordination — running the checklist, the calendar and the dependencies between workstreams.
- Independent-provider identification and coordination — identifying candidate counsel, agents, administrators and other providers, and coordinating their engagement by the sponsor or the issuer.
- Project-information organization — assembling, structuring and maintaining the information base that providers require for their own review.
- Timeline and deliverable management — tracking deliverables, conditions precedent and closing mechanics to a documented schedule.
What MTG does not do
- MTG does not issue securities.
- MTG does not sell, offer or place securities.
- MTG does not provide investment advice.
- MTG does not determine investor eligibility or suitability.
- MTG does not perform KYC or AML as the responsible institution.
- MTG does not provide ISIN or CUSIP identifiers.
- MTG does not act as paying agent, principal paying agent, transfer agent, registrar, trustee, security trustee, calculation agent or custodian.
- MTG does not control Euroclear, Clearstream or DTC eligibility.
- MTG does not guarantee acceptance, settlement, funding or any transaction outcome.
The availability and structure of any transaction depend on applicable law, investor eligibility, jurisdiction, asset characteristics, service-provider acceptance and transaction-specific diligence. Legal, regulatory, securities-placement, fiduciary, settlement and other professional functions are performed by appropriately qualified and, where required, licensed independent counterparties.
Inputs
What a structure discussion requires.
Technical inputs still open in any new matter
- Jurisdiction of the vehicle and of each investor, and the resulting distribution restrictions.
- Asset characteristics, transferability, encumbrances and available performance history.
- Instrument form: registered or bearer, definitive or global, listed or unlisted.
- Currency, denomination, minimum subscription and settlement convention.
- Whether a settlement-system identifier and admission are required, and which eligible applicant would apply.
- Identity and acceptance of each agent, trustee, custodian and administrator.
- Audit, valuation and reporting requirements for the life of the transaction.
Items requiring provider or counsel verification
- Securities-law classification, exemption analysis and selling restrictions — securities counsel in each relevant jurisdiction.
- Tax treatment, withholding, substance and reporting — tax counsel.
- Whether any distribution activity requires a licensed intermediary and in which jurisdictions — securities counsel and the placement agent.
- Whether each intended agent, trustee, custodian and administrator will accept the appointment for this structure — each provider.
- Identifier allocation eligibility and the eligible applicant — the numbering agency and the applicant agent.
- Settlement-system eligibility and admission — Euroclear, Clearstream or DTC.
- Any tokenization element: legal classification, register of record and technology provider due diligence — counsel and the relevant regulator where applicable.
Discuss a structure
Bring the asset, the jurisdiction and the constraint. We will map what a transaction would require and which independent providers would need to be engaged.

